Magnet Summary

Magnet Summary

1. Replacing the League

    Reduction

    Power Pacts, Naval Tonnage, Outlaw of War

    The Washington Conference of 1921 saw a number of "Power Pacts", which limited naval tonnage among the             

    signatories, continued the Open Door Policy in China, and encourage cooperation in the Pacific. The Kellogg-

    Briand Pact of 1928 outlawed war as a tool of national policy.

2. Debts and Diplomacy

    Circular Loans

    Overseas Trade, War Debts Circling through the Countries, Involvement in Latin America

    Charles Dawes organized a system of circular loans, where America paid debts to Germany, who paid 

    debts to England and France, who paid debts to America. American companies also made overseas 

    economic ties in the wake of Europe's economic destruction. America also increased military and 

    economic influence in the countries of Latin America.

3. Hoover and the World Crisis

    Nationalism

    Connection between Depression and Nationalism, Debts Defaulted, Failure of Cooperation

    The worldwide Depression led to a rise in nationalism among countries. For example, Hitler and Mussolini 

    rose to power on the bases of placing blame for their economic hardships on other countries. Despite 

    Hoover's warnings, many countries defaulted on their war debts, worsening the international climate.

    International cooperation failed when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931.

4. Depression Diplomacy

    Bombshell

    Removal of Gold Standard, Rejection at WEC, Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

    At the World Economic Conference, Roosevelt rejected many of the propositions in his "bombshell"

    rejection. He had already taken America's dollar off of the gold standard. Roosevelt, however, agreed

    to the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act, where America would lower its tariffs if other countries would

    do the same.

5. America and the Soviet Union

    Trust/Mistrust

    Stop Propaganda, Japanese Containment, Communist Recognition

    Despite original mistrust between the US and USSR, both formed an agreement. If the USSR would 

    stop propaganda in the US and would protect US citizens in Russia, then the US would recognize the 

    government and help contain Japan. However, mistrust soon returned, as both sides failed to live up to 

    their end of the bargain.

6. The Good Neighbor Policy

    Withdrawal

    Good Neighbors, Inter-American Conference, No Right to Interference

    At the Inter-American Conference, Secretary of State Hull declared that no states had the right to interfere 

    in the internal or external actions of another state. America faced challenges in this region as nationalism 

    spread.

7. The Rise of Isolationism

    Disarmament Failed

    Neutrality Acts, America didn't join World Court, Spanish Civil War

    The Geneva and London Conferences failed to enforce any disarmament. America was barred by 

    Congress from joining the World Court. It also passed Neutrality Acts which kept it from becoming 

    involved when Italy invaded Ethiopia. America, England, and France remained neutral in the Spanish

    Civil War, while the Axis powers supported the Falangists. As Japanese attacks in China increased,

    Roosevelt stated that it was the duty of the world to "quarantine" aggressor nations.

8. The Failure of Munich

    Annexation

    Lebensraum, Poor Poland, Russia Stays Out of It, Appeasement

    Hitler fortified the Rhineland and annexed Austria. He also demanded the Sudetenland, which was given

    to him at Munich by Chamberlain, as a policy of Appeasement. In 1937, Germany violates Munich, and 

    occupies the rest of Czechoslovakia. Russia sings the non-aggression pact with Germany, France and 

    England promise support for Poland. On September 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland, France and 

    England declare war on Germany, and WWII begins.